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(D) The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant from generation to generation in the ab

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All of the above

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(D) The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population are stable and remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.Factors that disturb this equilibrium include:$1$. Natural selection: Differential survival and reproduction of individuals.$2$. Mutation: Introduction of new alleles into the gene pool.$3$. Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.$4$. Gene flow (migration): Movement of alleles into or out of the population.$5$. Non-random mating: Individuals choosing mates based on specific phenotypes.Since natural selection,mutation,and genetic drift are all factors that disrupt the equilibrium,the correct answer is $D$.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is affected by -

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